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(NASDAQ: RDFN) — 2023 has been the least affordable year to buy a home in Redfin’s records, but things are for 2024, according to a from Redfin (), the technology-powered real estate brokerage.

Someone making the $78,642 median U.S. income in 2023 would’ve had to spend 41.4% of their earnings on monthly housing costs if they bought the $408,806 median-priced U.S. home. That’s the highest share on record and is up from 38.7% in 2022.

Data for 2023 goes through October, while data from past years spans the full year. When Redfin refers to a record high, that is referencing records dating back to 2012.

The typical 2023 homebuyer needed to earn an annual income of at least $109,868 if they wanted to spend no more than 30% of their earnings on monthly housing payments for the median-priced home. That’s a record high—up 8.5% from 2022—and is $31,226 more than the typical household makes in a year.

“A perfect storm of inflation, high prices, soaring mortgage rates and low housing supply caused 2023 to go down as the least affordable year for housing in recent history,” said Redfin Senior Economist Elijah de la Campa. “The good news is that affordability is already heading into the new year. Mortgage rates are coming down, more people are listing homes for sale, and there are still plenty of sidelined buyers ready to take a bite of the fresh inventory. We these conditions to continue to improve in 2024.”

Homebuyers’ monthly payments have grown more than twice as fast as wages

Housing affordability has dwindled because wages haven’t increased as quickly as homebuying costs. The median monthly housing payment for homebuyers in 2023 was a record $2,715, up 12.6% from 2022. Over the same period, the median household income rose just 5.2% to an estimated $78,642—also a record high, but not high enough to offset the jump in housing costs.

Monthly mortgage costs for homebuyers soared this year as the Federal Reserve raised interest rates to combat inflation. The average 30-year-fixed mortgage rate hit a 23-year high of in October, and while it has since fallen to 7.22%, that’s still more than double the 2.65% record low hit during the pandemic.

Elevated mortgage rates have cooled homebuyer demand, but housing prices remain high because there aren’t enough homes for sale. The $408,806 median home sale price in 2023 is the highest of any year on record. Many homeowners are opting to because selling and buying a new home would mean losing their low mortgage rate.

Austin is the only metro that became more affordable; Anaheim and Miami saw the biggest decreases in affordability

In , someone making the $99,523 median income in 2023 would have had to spend 36.6% of their earnings on monthly housing costs if they bought the $456,950 median-priced home, down from 37.7% in 2022. That’s the only decline among the 50 most populous U.S. metropolitan areas.

The smallest increases were in (+0.7 ppts to 18.5%), (+0.7 ppts to 53.3%), (+0.9 ppts to 40.2%) and (+1.2 ppts to 43.8%).

Most of these places have something in common: Affordability can’t get much worse because it has already become so strained. Austin, Phoenix and Las Vegas exploded in popularity during the pandemic as remote workers flocked in, causing home prices to skyrocket. With so many people now priced out, costs have started coming back down to earth. Austin posted a bigger home price decline than any other major metro this year (-9.2% YoY). It is followed by Oakland (-5%), Phoenix (-4.1%) and Las Vegas (-3.6%).

In , someone making the $92,306 median income in 2023 would’ve had to spend 88.3% of their earnings on monthly housing costs if they bought the $1,022,075 median-priced home, up from 80.2% in 2022. That’s the biggest jump among the 50 most populous metros. Next came (+7.1 ppts to 54.1%), (+6.2 ppts to 49.1%), (+5.9 ppts to 64.6%) and (+5.6 ppts to 42.8%).

Many of those metros have something in common: Home prices are still rising because there’s still demand from buyers who are coming in from more expensive areas to get more bang for their buck. Miami and West Palm Beach are also attracting out-of-staters who prefer Florida’s low taxes, warm weather and politics. Miami posted the second biggest increase in home prices among the 50 most populous metros this year, up 8.2% from 2022 (Milwaukee came first). It is followed by Newark (+8.2%) and West Palm Beach (+7.6%).

California dominates list of least affordable metros; Midwest metros rank among most affordable

In Anaheim, someone making the median income in 2023 would’ve had to spend 88.3% of their earnings on monthly housing costs if they bought the median priced home—the highest share among the 50 most populous metros. Next come four other expensive California metros: San Francisco (85.4%), (73%), (72.9%) and San Diego (64.6%).

Most people who make the median income in these areas are forced to rent because it’s not financially feasible to get a mortgage if your monthly payment represents 70% or 80% of your monthly income.

At the other end of the spectrum is Detroit, where someone making the median income in 2023 would’ve had to spend 18.5% of their earnings on monthly housing costs if they bought the median priced home—the lowest share among the metros Redfin analyzed. It’s followed by (23.5%), (23.8%), (23.9%) and (25.2%). These five metros have lower median home sale prices than anywhere else in the nation—all below $300,000.

Hope for 2024: Mortgage payments fall, housing supply rises

Housing costs have started to decline as mortgage rates have fallen; the typical homebuyer’s monthly payment was during the four weeks ending November 26, down from its peak last month but still up 13% year over year. New listings posted the biggest annual uptick in more than two years.

In 2024, Redfin listings will climb further, mortgage rates will fall to about 6.6%, and prices will drop 1%.

To view the full report, including a chart, methodology and metro-level summary, please visit:

About Redfin

Redfin () is a technology-powered real estate company. We help people find a place to live with brokerage, rentals, lending, title insurance, and renovations services. We also run the country's #1 real estate brokerage site. Our home-buying customers see homes first with same day tours, and our lending and title services help them close quickly. Customers selling a home in certain markets can have our renovations crew fix up their home to sell for top dollar. Our rentals business empowers millions nationwide to find apartments and houses for rent. Customers who buy and sell with Redfin pay a 1% listing fee, subject to minimums, less than half of what brokerages commonly charge. Since launching in 2006, we've saved customers more than $1.5 billion in commissions. We serve more than 100 markets across the U.S. and Canada and employ over 4,000 people.

For more information or to contact a local Redfin real estate agent, visit . To learn about housing market trends and download data, visit the . To be added to Redfin's press release distribution list, email . To view Redfin's press center, .

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