AstraZeneca is a holding company. Through its subsidiaries, Co. operates as a biopharmaceutical company engaged in discovering, developing, manufacturing and commercializing its pipeline of small molecule and biologic prescription medicines, including targeted business development through collaboration, in-licensing and acquisitions. Co. is focused on three main therapy areas: Oncology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, and Respiratory. Co. is also selectively active in autoimmunity, infection and neuroscience. In addition, Co. works across small molecules, oligonucleotides and other drug platforms, as well as biologic medicines.

GlaxoSmithKline is a global healthcare company. Co.'s segments include: Pharmaceuticals; Vaccines; and Consumer Healthcare. The Pharmaceuticals segment is focused on developing new medicines in respiratory, HIV, oncology and immuno-inflammation, with discovery research exploring these and other areas. The Vaccines segment has a portfolio and pipeline of vaccines to help protect people throughout life. Co. delivers vaccines to people living in over 160 countries. The Consumer Healthcare segment develops and markets consumer-preferred brands in oral health, pain relief, respiratory, nutrition/gastro-intestinal and skin health.

Moderna is creating a new generation of medicines based on messenger RNA to improve the lives of patients. The company uses its platform to identify and develop new mRNA medicines. When the company identifies a combination of platform technologies or programs across mRNA technologies, delivery technologies, and manufacturing processes that can enable shared product features across multiple potential mRNA medicines, it groups those programs as a modality. The company has created six modalities including prohylactic vaccines; cancer vaccines; intratumoral immuno-oncology; localized regenerative therapeuctics; systemic secreted therapeutics; and systemic intracellular therapeutics.

Sanofi is an integrated, global healthcare company focused on patient needs and engaged in the research, development, manufacture and marketing of healthcare products. Two segments make up Co.'s business: Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines. The Pharmaceuticals segment covers research, development, production and marketing of medicines, consisting of flagship products, plus a broad range of prescription medicines, generic medicines, and consumer health products. The Vaccines segment includes research, development, production and marketing of vaccines in five areas: pediatric vaccines, influenza vaccines, adult and adolescent booster vaccines, meningitis vaccines, and travel and endemic vaccines.

Valneva, together with its subsidiaries, is focused on vaccine development and antibody discovery. Co. generates revenue from both its marketed product, a vaccine for the prevention of Japanese encephalitis (IXIARO®/JESPECT®), commercial partnerships around a portfolio of product candidates and licensed technology platforms (EB66® cell line, VIVA,Screen antibody discovery technology, and the IC31® adjuvant) developed by Co. Related business activities include product research and development, regulatory and clinical activities, manufacturing of commercial product and advanced clinical product candidates, as well as administrative, corporate development, and marketing and sales activities.