Breaking down the rise in unemployment into cyclical and structural unemployment

To think about the economic outlook and the economic policies that are called for in 2021-2022 and beyond, we must be able to separate the rise in unemployment between the rise in cyclical unemployment and the rise in structural unemployment (we look at the cases of the euro zone and France). Cyclical unemployment is combated with demand-stimulus policies; structural unemployment with policies to provide training, hiring incentives , develop new sectors of activity, etc. Why might structural unemployment have risen? From a macroeconomic viewpoint, because the supply of goods and services will decrease due to the fall in capital accumulation; From a microeconomic viewpoint, because some economic sectors will be permanently affected by the COVID crisis and workers who lose their jobs in these sectors will have difficult y find ing a job in other sectors, where different skills are required. To estimate structural unemployment, one can compare the unemployment rate and the degree of underemployment. The subprime crisis drove up the structural unemployment rate, between 2011 and 2015, by 2 percentage points in the euro zone and by 0.7 percentage point in France. The rise in structural unemployment will be markedly greater in the wake of the COVID crisis.