How will Europe respond to its energy vulnerability?

The war in Ukraine has exposed the euro zone’s energy vulnerability: dependence on other countries for oil and natural gas; high weight of oil and natural gas in the energy mix. How will it respond to this energy vulnerability? In the short term, by increasing government support to low-income households to offset the rise in energy prices; In the short to medium term, by diversifying natural gas suppliers (in favour of the United States, Qatar); In the longer term, by accelerating nuclear programmes in the countries that allow nuclear energy (France and Finland today; possibly other countries such as Italy in the future); certainly by accelerating renewable energy programmes and investment in Europe to produce the necessary equipment.