Is it possible to avoid taxing the rich?

We will look at France’s situation, as an example of a more general case. The energy transition will lead to a significant rise in energy prices, which will be difficult to bear for low - and modest-income people . So it will be tempting to increase the scale of the redistributive policies to boost their purchasing power. The energy transition and the transformation of the world into a service economy will trigger a fresh wave of transformation of manufacturing jobs into low-wage service jobs. This will also create incentives to increase redistribution to limit the increase in inequality. Under these conditions, it is difficult to see how governments could avoid taxing the rich more in the future.