Is this the end of economic liberalism?
In all OECD countries, the COVID crisis has resulted in: Central banks playing a key role in enabling governments to sharply increase fiscal deficits and public debt to ensure borrower solvency and soon to speed up the energy transition; Governments maintaining household incomes and corporate earnings, guaranteeing loans to companies, financing strategic investments (medicines, energy transition, etc.) and industrial reshoring, accelerating the energy transition and picking future technologies (hydrogen for example), in addition, of course, to setting public health rules. It has been argued that all this spells the end of economic liberalism. But in reality, it is merely the implementation of policies aimed at taking account of externalities (internalising them), which private sector economic agents cannot do. Externalities that governments and central banks are trying to correct include: Climate and environmental disruption; Bankruptcies and unemployment (which destroy productive and human capital); Layoffs (due to their social and economic costs); Poverty; A shortage of research, innovation and investment (healthcare, electronics, renewable energies, etc.) ; Problems created by global value chains. Internalising (offsetting) externalities does not amount to the renunciation of liberalism (individuals and companies still act freely , integrat ing the external effects of their actions).