Italy will put pressure on euro-zone fiscal and monetary policies for a long time
Italy’s multiple problems are well known: lack of productivity gains, declining purchasing power, under-investment, inefficient education system, loss of competitiveness and market shares, deindustrialisation, low spending on research and innovation, fragile public finances and banks, low employment rate, etc. There is clearly a threat from Italy to the euro zone's stability, just as there was a threat from Greece. The existence of this threat puts strong pressure on: Fiscal policy: there must be long-term solidarity with Italy so it can make the necessary public investments, as has started to be done with the European Recovery Plan; Monetary policy: the ECB must have a commitment to perpetually prevent an abnormal rise in Italy’s long-term interest rates, which would lead to a loss of fiscal solvency.