The euro zone has to restore its productivity gains, but how?

Given its high debt level and its population ageing, it would be good if the euro zone had high potential growth; but the COVID crisis may instead reduce potential growth further. So how can euro-zone countries try to restore their productivity gains? By improving skills in the labour force and among young people; By developing the new technologies sector, which may be obtained by reshoring high-end industries (in any case, it will be impossible to reshore labour-intensive industries); By modernising companies (automation, investment in new technologies, R&D). Compared with the United States and Japan, for example, the euro zone still has significant disadvantages in all these areas.