The global economy will inevitably be less efficient
Inevitably, the consequences of the COVID crisis, the war in Ukraine and the energy transition will lead to a less efficient global economy, with lower global potential growth : After the COVID crisis, OECD countries, in particular in Europe, decided that they could not rely on the rest of the world for a number of strategic products: medicines, medical equipment, equipment for renewable energies, semiconductors, etc. But reshoring this production reduces productive efficiency, as offshoring harnessed countries’ comparative advantages; After the war in Ukraine, Russia will be permanently cut off from the global economy, which means that goods produced more efficiently in Russia will have to be produced elsewhere; The energy transition will lead to energy-producing technology that is zero-carbon, but also less efficient than that used to produce fossil fuels, due to the intermittency of renewable energy production.