The speculation economy
The world has now clearly become a “speculation economy”, which can be seen when we look at equity, commodity, real estate and cryptocurrency markets, new financial players, etc. Speculation is naturally focused on assets that are scarce. A “speculative economy” is ineffective: savings are diverted into useless uses, and there is high financial variability that unnecessarily increases the variability of the real economy. Why has there been a shift to a speculative economy? The main explanation is the persistently very low level of yields on traditional financial assets: public sector bonds, corporate bonds except the most risky. Central banks should understand that policies of permanently very low interest rates lead to a speculative economy, and that the latter leads to a less efficient economy.