What accounts for the shift to bad jobs?

In all OECD countries, unsophisticated service jobs with low levels of productivity and wage s have replaced manufacturing jobs. This increase in "bad jobs" creates political and social problems (increased inequality, low social mobility). Can we explain this? We have three possible explanations why bad jobs replace good jobs in a country: A deterioration in cost or non-cost competitiveness (quality of production, ability to meet demand); C ompetition from emerging countries; Automation, technological progress. A comparison of OECD countries shows that the sharp increase in the proportion of bad jobs is associated with: A deterioration in competitiveness and the resulting market share losses; A low level of industrial automation.