What leeway do central banks have for raising long-term interest rates?
Central banks are currently faced with several objectives that may be contradictory: They want to fight inflation, which requires raising real interest rates; They want to boost investment, particularly in the energy transition, which requires low, probably negative, real interest rates; They want to create jobs to reduce inequality; They want to prevent debt crises and a significant fall in asset prices, which requires real interest rates to be lower than real growth . The highest level to which nominal long-term interest rates can go in 2023-2024 is therefore the level of inflation at that time, after the current surge in inflation, which is probably around : 2.75% in the United States; 1.75% in the euro zone.