Why has the 2008-2009 crisis had such large negative residual effects in France?
When we compare France with the United States or Germany, we see that the 2008-2009 crisis has had highly negative residual effects in France (the crisis led to large hysteresis effects in France relative to the other countries). In France, we see that: Structural unemployment is much higher than before the crisis; Deindustrialisation has been rapid since the crisis; Corporate modernisation has lagged considerably since the crisis. The extent of the negative residual effects of the 2008-2009 crisis in France can probably be explained by: The increase in competition between countries due to the crisis, in particular the weakening of demand for manufactured products; Which makes it much more disadvantageous than before the crisis to have low labour force skills, high production costs and high skilled and non-skilled labour costs.