Without automation, there will be no reshoring to euro-zone countries

There is often talk of reshoring in euro-zone countries, and a return of production previously offshored to emerging countries. But given the production costs in euro-zone countries, it will be impossible to reshore labour-intensive industries. So the only way to reshore is automation and digitisation. Some euro-zone countries are lagging behind in automation (Spain, Italy, even more France), which is therefore an obstacle to reshoring. Why is there a delay in automation in these countries? Possible explanations are: Low labour force skills; Insufficient profitability or external financing of companies; Preference for offshoring to reduce production costs, instead of automation. If these causes of the lack of automation persist, it is difficult to believe in reshoring .