Are fiscal and monetary policies substitutes or complements?
Monetary and fiscal policies are usually considered substitutable. If monetary policy becomes more expansionary, fiscal policy can become less expansionary; conversely, if fiscal policy becomes more expansionary, monetary policy can become less expansionary. This aligns with the ECB’s current view: if the European economy requires support, fiscal policy should be used to avoid having to use monetary policy excessively. But this view is at stark odds with what results under fiscal dominance. Under fiscal dominance, if fiscal policy becomes more expansionary, monetary policy must become more expansionary to ensure public debt sustainability. It is likely that governments now share this view of complementarity between the two policies.