Europe is very fragmented
Far from presenting a unified strategy and common, cooperative economic policies, the countries of the European Union are fragmented in many respects: Lack of capital mobility between EU countries; Lack of industrial cooperation between countries; Absence of a common strategy for the energy transition; Absence of a European defence system; Diverging migration policies; Fragmentation of financial markets, particularly public debt markets; Differences between social welfare systems; Different views on the prospects for Europe (progress towards federalism or not ); Fiscal policy strategy.