Is France’s problem competition from low-cost or high-cost countries?
We begin with the geographical structure of France’s external deficit. First, we see that France’s trade deficit is mainly with other European Union countries and not with emerging countries outside the EU. We then see that within the EU, France’s external deficit is above all with countries that have high labour costs and not countries with low labour costs. This leads us to seek an explanation for France’s market share losses and deindustrialisation not in costs, but in skills, innovation, product sophistication, etc. Given France’s situation, protectionism against emerging countries or EU countries with low labour costs would not be a cure for its deindustrialisation problem.