Is the Chinese economy’s lack of openness reflected by macroeconomic developments?

The United States and the European Union reproach China for not sufficiently opening up its economy. Indeed, it is well known that foreign companies cannot operate in a large number of sectors of the Chinese economy. Has the Chinese economy’s lack of openness had a visible macroeconomic effect? We look at: The size of China’s imports; The size of direct foreign investment in China ; The size of foreign companies established in China. We see some signs albeit not very drastic of the Chinese economy’s weak openness: Small and declining imports excluding energy; Weakening of foreign direct investment in China; Qui te a small share, relative to other emerging countries, of foreign companies in value added.