Real growth or just catching up?
We look at growth trends in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain, Italy and Japan. The growth figures seen in 2021 were sometimes high. But the question is whether this was real growth or simply a catch-up of the decline in growth in 2020 during the COVID crisis. To determine whether or not this was real growth, we look at the levels and rates of growth in GDP, consumption, corporate investment and housing investment: are we just seeing a return to pre-COVID levels or are we seeing stronger growth momentum? This observation leads to the following conclusions: a real growth momentum is emerging today only in the United States and France.