The energy transition generates a drastic income redistribution between countries and between economic agents within each country

It is important to understand that globally, the energy transition is a zero-sum game. There is no overall loss of income, but there are winners and losers: This is true between countries: the winners for example produce equipment for renewable energies; the losers produce fossil fuels; It is also true within countries: the winners are companies that benefit from the transition or are able to increase their prices; the losers are companies hit by cost increases without being able to pass them on, fossil fuel-related companies and the lowest-income households. This drastic income redistribution, from the losers to the winners both internationally and domestically, will require international coordination and internal redistributive policies within each country.